When Was Animal Tropism Published By Loeb

Jacques Loeb
Born	Apr seven, 1859 Mayen, Rhine Province, Kingdom of Prussia
Died	February 11, 1924(1924-02-11) (aged 64) Hamilton, Bermuda
Nationality	German
Citizenship	American
Children	Leonard Benedict Loeb
Scientific career
Fields	Physiology, Biology

Jacques Loeb (;^[1] German: [løːp]; April seven, 1859 – Feb eleven, 1924) was a German-built-in American physiologist and biologist.

Biography [edit]

Jacques Loeb, firstborn son of a Jewish family from the High german Eifel region, was educated at the universities of Berlin, Munich, and Strasburg (K.D. 1884). He took postgraduate courses at the universities of Strasburg and Berlin, and in 1886 became assistant at the physiological institute of the University of Würzburg, remaining there till 1888. In a similar chapters, he then went to Strasburg University. During his vacations he pursued biological researches, at Kiel in 1888, and at Naples in 1889 and 1890.

Jacques Loeb first arrived in the United States in 1891 when he accepted a position at Bryn Mawr College, withal, they provided bereft facilities for his piece of work which would subsequently influence his resignation.^[ii] In 1892, he was called to the Academy of Chicago as assistant professor of physiology and experimental biology, while later condign associate professor in 1895, and professor of physiology in 1899. John B. Watson (the "father of Behaviorism") attended Loeb's neurology classes at the University of Chicago.^[iii] He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Order in 1899.^[4] In 1902, he was chosen to fill a similar chair at the University of California.

In 1910, Loeb moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York, where he headed a department created for him. He remained at Rockefeller (now Rockefeller Academy) until his death. Throughout his career, Loeb spent some summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, performing experiments on diverse marine invertebrates. While there, Jacques Loeb performed his most famous experiment, on artificial parthenogenesis. With this experiment, Loeb was able to cause the sea urchins' eggs to begin embryonic evolution without sperm. The slight chemical modifications of the water in which the eggs were kept, served as the stimulus for the development to begin.^{[5] [6]} Later in 1918, Loeb established and became the first Editor of the Journal of General Physiology.

Jacques Loeb became one of the most famous scientists in America, widely covered in newspapers and magazines, influencing other important individuals in the scientific world such every bit B.F. Skinner.^[7] He was the model for the character of Max Gottlieb in Sinclair Lewis's Pulitzer-winning novel Arrowsmith, the first keen work of fiction to idealize and idolize pure science.^[8] Mark Twain as well wrote an essay titled "Dr. Loeb's Incredible Discovery", urging the reader not to back up a rigid general consensus, merely to instead be open to new scientific advances.^[nine]

Loeb was nominated many times for the Nobel Prize only never won.

Loeb was an atheist.^{[10] [11]}

Research area [edit]

The main subjects of Loeb's work were:

• Animal tropisms and their relation to the instincts of animals
• Heteromorphosis, the replacement of an injured or removed organ by a different organ
• Toxic and antitoxic effects of ions
• Artificial parthenogenesis
• Hybridization of the eggs of sea-urchins by the sperm of starfish

Works [edit]

Among Loeb's works the following may be mentioned:

• Der Heliotropismus der Thiere und seine Uebereinstimmung mit dem Heliotropismus der Pflanzen, Würzburg: Verlag von Georg Hertz, 1890.
• Untersuchungen zur physiologischen Morphologie der Thiere, Würzburg: Verlag von Georg Hertz, 1891–1892. 2 vols., vol. i: Ueber Heteromorphose, vol. ii: Organbildung und Wachsthum.
• Einleitung in dice vergleichende Gehirnphysiologie und vergleichende Psychologie, Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1899. English ed., Comparative physiology of the brain and comparative psychology, New York: Putnam, 1900.
• Studies in general physiology, Chicago: The University of Chicago Printing, 1905.
• The dynamics of living matter, New York: Columbia University Press, 1906.
• The mechanistic conception of life: biological essays, Chicago: The University of Chicago Printing, 1912; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Printing, 1964.
• Artificial parthenogenesis and fertilization, tr. from German past W. O. Redman Rex, rev. and ed. by Loeb. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1913.
• The organism as a whole, from a physicochemical viewpoint, New York: Putnam, 1916.
• Forced movements, tropisms, and animal carry, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1918.
• Proteins and the theory of colloidal behavior, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1922.

The Mechanistic Formulation of Life is Loeb's most famous and influential work. Information technology contains English translations of some of his previous publications in German.

Family [edit]

His younger brother Leo also emigrated to the U.s. where he became a noted pathologist.

References [edit]

1. ^ "Loeb". Random House Webster'southward Unabridged Dictionary.
2. ^ Osterhout, W. J. V. (1928-09-fifteen). "JACQUES LOEB". The Journal of General Physiology. 8 (1): IX–LVIII. doi:10.1085/jgp.8.1.ix. ISSN 0022-1295. PMC2140786. PMID 19872180.
3. ^ Introduction to: "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views information technology."
4. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org . Retrieved 2021-04-20 .
5. ^ Loeb, J (1914), "Activation of the Unfertilized Egg by Ultra-Violet Rays", Scientific discipline (published November 6, 1914), vol. forty, no. 1036, pp. 680–681, Bibcode:1914Sci....40..680L, doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.40.1036.680, PMID 17742992
6. ^ Ball, Philip (2016). "Man Made: A History of Synthetic Life". Distillations. ii (1): xv–23. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
7. ^ Hackenberg, Timothy D. (1995). "Jacques Loeb, B. F. Skinner, and the legacy of prediction and control". The Beliefs Analyst. 18 (2): 225–36. doi:x.1007/bf03392710. PMC2733711. PMID 22478220.
8. ^ The novel Arrowsmith, Paul de Kruif (1890-1971) and Jacques Loeb (1859–1924): a literary portrait of "medical science", H. Chiliad. Fangerau, Medical Humanities 32 (2006), pp. 82–87.
9. ^ Mark Twain on the Damned Human Race, edited past Janet Smith, Hill and Wang, New York, 1994, pp. 45–49.
10. ^ Rasmussen, Charles, and Rick Tilman. Jacques Loeb: His Scientific discipline and Social Activism and Their Philosophical Foundations, Volume 229. N.p.: American Philosophical Society, 1998. Print. "An avowed atheist and materialist, he consort secular humanism..."
11. ^ Stout, Harry South., and D. G. Hart. New Directions in American Religious History. New York: Oxford Upwardly, 1997. Print. Loeb was a forthright atheist..."

Sources [edit]

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Vocalizer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

External links [edit]

• Jacques Loeb at The Embryo Project Encyclopedia.
• Loeb Family Tree
• Jacques Loeb at the Jewish Encyclopedia.
• Jacques Loeb at infoplease.com.
• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Loeb

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